On Bakhtin’s philosophy of language
论巴赫金的语言哲学思想

摘要

作为20世纪俄罗斯最具影响力的思想家之一，巴赫金的研究领域极为广泛，不仅包括社会学、语言学、语言哲学等基础学科，还涉及文艺学和人文科学方法论等多个交叉学科。这种跨学科的研究视野使他的思想具有独特的深度和广度。与同时代的其他学者相比，巴赫金的语言哲学思想呈现出显著的差异，主要体现在超语言学、话语理论和对话理论三个方面。巴赫金认为，话语是语言的实际存在形式，而不仅仅是语言结构的外在表现。话语中蕴含着说话者的意图和情感，这种意图只有在自我与他人的对话中才能得以实现。这种对话不仅是语言的交流，更是思想和情感的互动。巴赫金倡导对话主义精神，强调在对话中实现个体的自我认知和社会的和谐发展。他对语言本质的深刻洞察也与索绪尔、维特根斯坦和格赖斯等学者形成了对话，为语言哲学的发展提供了新的视角。因此，巴赫金的语言哲学思想不仅是其个人学术成就的重要体现，也是理解其整个思想体系的重要切入点。

Abstract

As one of the most influential thinkers of 20th-century Russia, Bakhtin’s research spans a wide range of fields, including not only foundational disciplines such as sociology, linguistics, and the philosophy of language but also interdisciplinary areas like literary studies and methodology of the humanities. This cross-disciplinary perspective endows his ideas with unique depth and breadth. Compared to his contemporaries, Bakhtin’s philosophy of language is distinct, primarily manifested in three aspects: metalinguistics, discourse theory, and dialogism. Bakhtin argues that discourse is the actual form of language existence, rather than merely an external manifestation of linguistic structure. Discourse embodies the intentions and emotions of the speaker, which can only be realized through dialogue between the self and others. This dialogue is not only a linguistic exchange but also an interaction of ideas and emotions. Bakhtin advocates the spirit of dialogism, emphasizing the realization of individual self-awareness and social harmony through dialogue. His profound insights into the nature of language also engage in a dialogue with scholars such as Saussure, Wittgenstein, and Grice, offering new perspectives for the development of the philosophy of language. Therefore, Bakhtin’s philosophy of language is not only an important reflection of his personal academic achievements but also a crucial entry point for understanding his entire ideological system.