The generation of the relationship between ethnic behavior and social institutions in Frederick Barth's " Political Leadership among the Swat Pathans"
弗雷德里克·巴特《斯瓦巴坦人的政治过程》中族群边界与社会制度关系的生成

摘要

挪威人类学家弗雷德里克·巴特的《斯瓦特巴坦人的政治过程》聚焦族群行为与社会制度的动态生成关系，提出“场景论族群模式”。对斯瓦特巴坦人的政治生态分析，巴特强调族群边界并非固定地理或文化实体，而是通过成员互动和主观认知建构的社会产物。族群认同以父系血缘、种姓、婚姻联盟等要素为基础，但边界的流动性体现在个体基于利益的选择性结盟与资源竞争中。斯瓦特社会制度以行动者为中心，政治权力通过土地分配、契约关系和首领竞争动态形成，呈现不稳定特征。巴特突破结构功能主义范式，揭示个体能动性在秩序生成中的作用，挑战了传统人类学对集体规范的静态解释。其研究为理解族群与制度的互动提供了从“边界”到“过程”的视角转向。

Abstract

Frederik Barth's "Political Processes among the Swat Pathans" focuses on the dynamic relationship between ethnic behavior and social institutions, and proposes the "scene theory of ethnic groups". In his analysis of the political ecology of the Swat Pathans, Barth emphasizes that ethnic boundaries are not fixed geographical or cultural entities, but rather social products constructed through the interaction of members and subjective cognition. Ethnic identity is based on elements such as patrilineal blood ties, caste, and marital alliances, but the fluidity of boundaries is reflected in the selective alliances and resource competition based on individual interests. The social institutions of Swat are centered on actors, and political power is dynamically formed through land distribution, contractual relationships, and competition for leadership, presenting an unstable characteristic. Barth breaks through the structural functionalism paradigm, revealing the role of individual agency in the formation of order and challenging the static interpretation of collective norms in traditional anthropology. His research provides a perspective shift from "boundaries" to "processes" for understanding the interaction between ethnic groups and institutions.