摘要
本研究旨在系统梳理语言学中竞争动因理论的发展脉络，整合优选论、功能类型学、竞争模型及多因素分析四大维度的研究成果，揭示语言结构选择背后的多维竞争机制，为构建统一的理论框架提供基础。通过文献分析法，追溯竞争动因研究从迦布连茨至当代的演进历程，对比分析四大理论框架的核心观点：优选论聚焦限制因素层级冲突的解决方案；竞争模型探讨语言习得中的功能原则；功能类型学从共时/历时视角解释语言普遍性；多因素分析运用统计模型量化动因权重及交互效应。研究指出四大维度分别解释了语言不同层面的竞争现象，但均存在局限性：优选论仅涉及部分冲突类型；竞争模型未形式化语言能力；功能类型学缺乏动态互动分析；多因素分析忽视历时动因。 未来研究需融合质性分析与量化方法，建立基于话语功能和语言系统的综合理论框架，明确动因与句法结构的映射关系，系统阐释竞争互动模式及解决方案，以全面解释语言动态演化过程。
关键词： 语言竞争动因；优选论；竞争模型；功能类型学；多因素分析；理论框架；互动模式
Abstract
This study systematically reviews the development of competing motivations in linguistics, integrating four theoretical dimensions—Optimality Theory, functional typology, the Competition Model, and multifactorial analysis—to reveal the multidimensional mechanisms underlying linguistic structure selection and lay the foundation for a unified theoretical framework. Through literature analysis, the research traces the evolution of competing motivations from Gabelentz to contemporary studies, comparing core tenets of four frameworks: Optimality Theory resolves hierarchical constraint conflicts; the Competition Model explores functional principles in language acquisition; functional typology explains linguistic universals synchronically and diachronically; multifactorial analysis quantifies motivation weights and interactions via statistical modeling. Each dimension addresses distinct aspects of linguistic competition but exhibits limitations: Optimality Theory covers only partial conflict types; the Competition Model lacks formalization of linguistic competence; functional typology overlooks dynamic interactions; multifactorial analysis neglects diachronic motivations. Future research should integrate qualitative and quantitative methods to establish a comprehensive framework based on discourse function and linguistic system. This framework must clarify mappings between motivations and syntactic structures, systematically elaborate interaction patterns and resolutions, and holistically explain dynamic language evolution.
Key words： Competing motivations; Optimality Theory; Competition model; Functional typology; Multifactorial analysis; Theoretical framework; Interaction patterns
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